indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
president (of a society); chairman
refinement; elegance; grace
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
notebook; copy-book; note; noting down; (musical) note; laptop (computer)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others