the very start; the very beginning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
contrary to expectations; or so we thought, but ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
anyhow; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
origin; genesis; opening; start; beginning
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
time; hour; period; class
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total
failing mark (e.g. in exam)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
pupil; student; schoolchild
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
willingness (e.g. to do something); eagerness; motivation; inspiration; determination; high aspirations
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
talent; gift; function; noh (theatre)