indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
head office; main office; main shrine; this company; this shrine
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
president (of a society); chairman
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
Bonin white-eye (Apalopteron familiare)
sal (tree) (Shorea robusta); saul; Japanese stewartia (Stewartia pseudocamellia)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)