indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wide place; starting field containing any of the January, March or August 20-point cards
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
elevator; lift; elevator (aviation)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
party (gathering, celebration, etc.); party (group, political, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
company president; manager; director
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
cartoon-character costume
earrings (for pierced ears); ear piercing; body piercing
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
pistol; handgun; revolver
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch