indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum); gilo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sharp-edged tool; sharp weapon; convenience; facility; superior talent; outstanding ability
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
base (military, expedition, etc.)
strength; power; proficiency; the strength of ... people; the strength of ... men
adds force or indicates command
ice house; ice room; cold room
South Pole; the Antarctic; Antarctica
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
Shōwa Station (Antarctica); Showa Station; Syowa Station
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...