indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
dry riverbed; river beach
pink; erotic (usually used in relation to the sex industry); blue; pornographic
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
pupil; student; schoolchild
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
Hinamatsuri (March 3); Girls' Festival; Dolls' Festival
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
March; third month of the lunar calendar
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
to decorate; to ornament; to display; to exhibit; to mark (e.g. the day with a victory); to adorn (e.g. the front page)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
third month of the lunar calendar; (arch.) thick growth (of grass, etc.); Yayoi period (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE); Yayoi culture
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
nevertheless; at any rate; even so; all things considered; be that as it may
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
decoration; ornament; trimmings
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
graduation ceremony; commencement
athletic meet (esp. at school); sports day