indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elder brother; big brother; one's senior; one's elder; old ingredients; stale ingredients
running away from home; elopement; (arch.) outing; (arch.) going out; (arch.) becoming a Buddhist monk; (arch.) entering the priesthood
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
chance; start; opportunity; cause; reason; excuse
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
hating; strongly disliking
funeral parlor (parlour); funeral home; undertaker's; undertaker; mortician; funeral director
to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
pat; tap; pop; crack; cutesy suffix applied to names
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
absolutely; definitely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
participation; joining; entry
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
river; stream; River; the ... river
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
police; police officer; police station; self-appointed enforcer (of a rule, standard, etc.); busybody
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
neighborhood association; neighbourhood association
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
shop; store; someone who sells (something) or works as (something); someone with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
interaction with one's neighbors; relationship with one's neighbors
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull