professor; teaching; instruction
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
surely; certainly; no doubt; indeed
frustrated (over a failure, humiliation or injustice); annoyed; chagrined; (bitterly) disappointed; bitter; vexed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
at any rate; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because; as you know
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
use; utilization; utilisation; application
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
end (e.g. of report, document, paragraph, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
name; given name; first name
to place on (something); to give (someone) a ride; to give a lift; to load (luggage); to carry; to send out (on the airwaves, etc.); to deceive
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to exceed (esp. figures: profits, unemployment rate, etc.); to surpass; to be more than; to be better than
learned society; scientific society; academy; academic meeting; academic conference
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
definite; final; decisive; conclusive
same period; corresponding period; same year (of graduation, entering a company, etc.); contemporary; synchronization; synchronism
most successful (of one's relatives, classmates, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
imitating; copying; mimicry; behavior; behaviour; action
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to