indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
celebrating recovery from illness
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
loungewear; comfortable clothing worn at home
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed