rikka; formal style of ikebana
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
pupil; student; schoolchild
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
whereabouts; place where one is; position; location
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be traced (of a criminal); to be tracked; (arch.) to have a (male) lover
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to leak out (a secret); to be exposed (a lie, improper behaviour, etc.); to be found out; to get away (of fish)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
matter of time; question of time
any moment now; any minute now; as soon as possible; right away
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
finish; finishing; finishing touches
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be congenial; to agree with one; to be in one's nature
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
parting; separation; farewell
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise