pastor; minister; clergyman; reverend
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
roadside tree; row of trees
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
waste; scrap; garbage; scum; piece of trash; loser
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stick into (of something with a sharp point); to prick; to pierce; to resonate emotionally; to move
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
adds force or indicates command
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to be needed; to be wanted
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
single word; a few words; brief comment
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...