indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Japanese plum (Prunus salicina); Chinese plum
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
please (give me); please (do for me)
coincidence; agreement; conformity; consistency; cooperation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
cell; cell (in an organization, esp. a communist party)