yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
anticancer drug; anticancer agent
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
please (give me); please (do for me)
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to cut (grass, hair, etc.); to mow; to clip; to trim; to prune; to shear
to rely on; to depend on; to count on; to turn to (for help)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
until now; so far; up to the present
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; (not) any
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
change (personnel); transfer; reshuffle
if so; in that case; in that situation
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to