indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
immortal mountain wizard (in Taoism); mountain man (esp. a hermit); person not bound by earthly desires
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
please (give me); please (do for me)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
now; the present time; just now; another; more
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
hospitalization; hospitalisation
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me