indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
monkey bars; horizontal ladder
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
please (give me); please (do for me)
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on