indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
serialization; serialisation; serial story
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
showy; loud; gay; flashy; gaudy
how; in what way; how about
image (on a screen); picture (e.g. on a TV); video; film; reflection; image (in one's mind)
to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
type; kind; type (of person); (ideal) type; typewriter; typing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
sorry; excuse me; thank you
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
materials; data; document
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience