indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
search (esp. in criminal investigations); investigation; inquiry; enquiry
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
how; in what way; how about
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
police; police officer; police station
head of a garden; kindergarten principal; nursery school principal; park director; zoo director; head of a plantation
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
honorific/polite/humble prefix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix