indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
suffix for familiar person
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
existence; possession; having; limited company
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke