indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to raise; to elevate; to move something (to a higher place); to put onto (e.g. a shelf); to increase (price, quality, status, etc.); to raise (a wage); to show someone (into a room)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to apologize (apologise); to refuse; to decline; to be unable to bear; to be defeated (by)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
all; entire; whole; altogether
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
daily; everyday; days (e.g. of one's youth); every day; day after day
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to spend (time); to pass; to overdo (esp. alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); to take care of; to support
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to go mad; to lose one's mind; to get out of order; to go amiss; to go wrong (of a plan or expectation, etc.); to fall through
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
pregnancy; conception; gestation
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
to thrust down; to push off
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?