indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to apologize; to apologise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
all; entire; whole; altogether
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to go mad; to lose one's mind; to get out of order; to go amiss; to go wrong (of a plan or expectation, etc.); to fall through
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
pregnancy; conception; gestation
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
to thrust down; to push off
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
in that way; thus; so; so?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?