indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
spinocerebellar degeneration; SCD
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
future; (future) prospects; bringing (from abroad, another region, etc.); bringing about; giving rise to
suffix for familiar person
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
tide; current; sea water; opportunity; chance
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at once; immediately; right now
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
changing clothes; change of clothes
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof