indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
spinocerebellar degeneration; SCD
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
future (usually near); prospects
suffix for familiar person
father; dad; husband; you; he
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
tide; current; sea water; opportunity; chance; thin soup of fish or shellfish boiled in seawater
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at once; immediately; right now
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
changing clothes; change of clothes
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof