indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
drop (e.g. of water); drip
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
how; in what way; how about