indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
suffix for familiar person
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
oasis; OASYS (Fujitsu WP system)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
ruggedly; jaggedly; stiffly; choppy (e.g. graphics); lagged; clunky
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!