indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pioneer; leader; taking the initiative; leading an attack; charging ahead of others (towards the enemy)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
mountain hamlet; mountain village
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
how; in what way; how about
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
suffix for familiar person
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
riding ground; racecourse; racetrack