indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sincere; honest; faithful
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
mask; veil; disguise; anonymous; unmarked; incognito
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
adds force or indicates command
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
herculean strength; mountain carrier-guide
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sen (hundredth of a yen); coin made of non-precious materials; one-thousandth of a kan (as a unit of currency); (arch.) one-thousandth of a kan (as a unit of mass)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work