indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
my; one's own; I ...; one ...
arm; skill; efforts; ability
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make one's way in the world; to earn one's living; to live
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
wandering samurai; soldier of fortune; brigand; mountain-dwelling robber
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
haze (esp. in spring); mist; dimness (of sight)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
such; this sort of; like this
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be possessed by an evil spirit; to be tempted; to give in to an urge; to succumb to temptation
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
serious; important; significant; grave; weighty
to commit (e.g. crime); to perpetrate; to break (e.g. rule); to violate; to rape; to violate
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(compulsory) retirement (e.g. on reaching the age of 65); mandatory retirement; reaching retirement age
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
office worker; company employee; company man; salaryman (stereotypical Japanese office worker)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
title (e.g. Doctor, Professor, Lord); job title; position (in a company); degree; status; rank
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
company; corporation; workplace