indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
woman; female; feminine gender
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
at that time; in those days
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
Western cooking; Western-style meal; Western-style food; Japanized Western cuisine
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
wandering samurai; soldier of fortune; brigand; mountain-dwelling robber
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing