indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
general; admiral; head; chief; old chap; mate
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
man; male; masculine gender
foreigner; foreign citizen; foreign national; alien; non-Japanese
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
honorific/polite/humble prefix
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
woman; female; feminine gender
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
yakitori; chicken pieces (or sometimes beef or pork offal) grilled on a skewer; grilled and skewered bird (esp. sparrow); failing to win a single hand during a half-game
wandering samurai; soldier of fortune; brigand; mountain-dwelling robber
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need