indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
man; male; masculine gender
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
sorry; excuse me; thank you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
wandering samurai; soldier of fortune; brigand; mountain-dwelling robber
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
noon; midday; daytime; lunch
understood; I see; OK; present; here
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no