year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
compact disk; CD; cash dispenser; (negotiable) certificate of deposit
debut; doing something for the first time; starting anew; starting afresh
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
photographer; cameraman; camera operator; cinematographer
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
while; during; while; although; all; both
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
such; like that; that sort of; very
meaning; significance; sense
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
requital of a favour (favor); repayment (of an obligation, kindness, etc.)