year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
compact disk; CD; cash dispenser; (negotiable) certificate of deposit
debut; doing something for the first time; starting anew; starting afresh
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
photographer; cameraman; camera operator; cinematographer
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
while; during; while; although; all; both
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to (finally) arrive at; to reach (at last); to (manage to) get to; to find one's way to
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to welcome (a proposal, advice, etc.); to take kindly to; to do with pleasure
such; like that; that sort of
meaning; significance; sense
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
various; a variety of; all sorts of; many (different)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
paying back a favour; repayment (of an obligation, kindness, etc.)