indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
father; dad; husband; you; he
sprout; shoot; bud; germinal disk (in an egg)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
fruit; nut; seed; (in broth) pieces of meat, vegetable, etc.; content; substance
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
pure white; blank (e.g. mind, paper)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
wood; woods; forest; bunch (of something); cluster; line
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")