indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pure white; blank (e.g. mind, paper)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
contribution (to a newspaper, magazine, etc.); submission; post (on a blog, social media, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
sprout; shoot; bud; germinal disk (in an egg)
twelve o'clock; noon; midnight
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
fruit; nut; seed; (in broth) pieces of meat, vegetable, etc.; content; substance
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed