indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sprout; shoot; bud; germinal disk (in an egg)
fruit; nut; seed; (in broth) pieces of meat, vegetable, etc.; content; substance
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof