indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(flower) bud; promising young person; budding beauty
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
wisteria (esp. Japanese wisteria, Wisteria floribunda); wistaria
mob; crowd of people; background character (in a manga, anime, etc.); mob (in a video game); non-player character
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
suffix for familiar person
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
nail (e.g. fingernail, toenail); claw; plectrum; pick; hook; clasp
hammer; mallet; sledge(hammer); gavel
person with supernatural power; person capable of extrasensory perception
(a) stop (e.g. in a timber joint, or at the end of a kanji stroke); remaining (e.g. poste-restante); forty-five degree angle
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
telephone; telephone number; telephone call; phone call
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed