indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
suffix for familiar person
random; by chance; haphazard; hit-or-miss; unplanned
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
loyalty; devotion; fidelity; inspector of the Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office (ritsuryo system)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
red and white; colours for festive or auspicious occasions (colors); two teams; two groups; Kōhaku Uta Gassen; annual contest between male and female popular singers on New Year's Eve (sponsored and broadcast by NHK)
hesitation; bewilderment; illusion; delusion; inability to reach enlightenment
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
kana; Japanese syllabary (i.e. hiragana, katakana)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do