indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
rice ball coated with sweetened red beans, soybean flour or sesame
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
grain; bead; drop; counter for small round objects including grains, seeds, pills, drops
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
confections; sweets; candy; cake
company employee; member of a corporation; company stockholder (esp. in legal contexts)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey