indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
miko; shrine maiden; young girl or woman (trad. an unmarried virgin) who assists priests at shrines; medium; sorceress; shamaness
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
fraud; trickery; hoax; swindle; counterfeit; fake
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
pot; jar; dice cup; depression; basin (e.g. of a waterfall); aim; what one wants
settlement out of court; private settlement
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...