indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
bad (taste); unpalatable; poor; unskillful; ugly; unattractive
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
miko; shrine maiden; young girl or woman (trad. an unmarried virgin) who assists priests at shrines; medium; sorceress; shamaness
young female rice planter; young girl
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hello; good day; good afternoon
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
chip; microchip; chip (in poker, roulette, etc.); casino token; chip (shot); (wood) chip
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
raw; uncooked; natural; as it is; unprotected (sex); live (i.e. not recorded); inexperienced
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
regular game; regular-season game
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
pot; jar; dice cup; depression; basin (e.g. of a waterfall); aim; what one wants
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
double; twice (as much); times (as much); -fold; 1-nth; 1 to n