lightning; thunder; god of thunder; god of lightning; anger; fit of anger
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be shut; to close; to be locked; to tighten; to be tightened; to become sober
beginning; outset; first; onset
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
spirit (e.g. human spirit); soul; spirit; ghost; ethereal being
feature (e.g. newspaper); special edition; report
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
drive; trip by car; to (go for a) drive; to go on a trip by car; to drive (e.g. a car); to drive (innovation, change, etc.)