indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
being in charge (of an area of responsibility); being responsible (for a work role, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
please (give me); please (do for me)
Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
suffix for familiar person
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn); (arch.) horse that can ride 1000 ri in a day
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others