indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
feces (esp. animal); excrement; dung
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
to stand up; to get up; to rise; to recover; to take action; to start; to make the initial charge
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
record (e.g. LP); record (e.g. in sports); record (data structure)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to perceive; to sense; to understand; to comprehend; to attain enlightenment
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)