indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
woman; female; feminine gender
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
knowing; (an) acquaintance
don't you think?; indicates question
Taishō period (1912-1926); Taisho period
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
children's song; nursery rhyme
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
name; given name; first name
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
image (in one's mind); impression; (computer) image; depiction (e.g. of a product); rendition
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
Japanese person; Japanese people
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
bright red; deep red; flushed (of face); downright (e.g. lie); complete; utter
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
all kinds of things; various things; large number of people
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
don't you think?; indicates question
originally; by nature; from the start
going concern; stocks and all; goods and furniture included
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
commercial (radio, TV, etc.); ad; construction management; contract manufacturer; customer management; court martial
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then