indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
sorry; excuse me; thank you
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?