indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
transfer student; student changing schools
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
educational institution; school; academy; campus
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
suffix for familiar person
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
heavenly voice; off the record instructions; influential person's opinion; powerful person's verdict
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
adds force or indicates command