indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
pigeon chest (Pectus carinatum, deformity of the chest, protruding ribs and sternum); pigeon breast; woman with big breasts; iron armor with protruding chest; curved front portion of a stirrup; curve at the base of a shamisen neck
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
river; stream; River; the ... river
keep ...-ing; have been ...-ing; leaving (something) on; leaving (something) still in use
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
ding (of a bell); bing; honk (i.e. sound of blowing one's nose); snort; heating in a microwave; cooking in a microwave
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
suffix for familiar person
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
spring day; spring sunlight
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged