staff; stuff; stuffing; filling
father; dad; husband; you; he
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
style; manner; way; after (period of time) again (e.g. meeting again after a year); for the first time in (period of time)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Kagoshima (city, prefecture)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
such; like that; that sort of; very
small; fine; minute; minor; trivial; sensitive
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
noisy; loud; annoying; troublesome; fussy; finicky
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
new leaves; young leaves; fresh verdure
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
last week; the week before
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
suffix for familiar person
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine