indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
retirement; retiring (from a race, match, etc.); dropping out
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
staff; stuff; stuffing; filling
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others