indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
tribe; clan; (taxonomical) tribe; group (of the periodic table)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)