indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
shumai; shaomai; steamed meat dumpling (Chinese-style)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
staff; stuff; stuffing; filling
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more