indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
shumai; shaomai; steamed meat dumpling (Chinese-style)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...