indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
willow (any tree of genus Salix); weeping willow (Salix babylonica)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
police officer; policeman; constable
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
drawing a sword; drawn sword
mourning; abstinence; taboo; religious purification; pure; holy
wisdom; enlightenment; prajñā (one of the three divisions of the noble eightfold path); wisdom
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
adds force or indicates command
edge (of a knife or sword); prong (of an electrical plug)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
remaining bony parts (of a fish after filleting); flaw (esp. of a person); fault; rice chaff; rough; crude
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
more and more; increasingly; extremely; very
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...